Characterizing clinics involved in controlling stray cats

D'Ávila, A. M. E. D. (2016). Caracterização dos Centros de Atendimento Médico-Veterinários no Concelho de Lisboa que participam no controlo da população de gatos errantes e assilvestrados. Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária

The presence of stray and feral cats in urban areas often leads to situations of overpopulation whereby the control of reproduction has proven to be a priority element in solving this problem. The primary goal of this study was to characterize the clinics in the Lisbon area in controlling the population of stray cats and to determine their impact on reducing the number of animals. To accomplish this, it has been developed a questionnaire submitted to clinical directors. Of the 44 participants, it was found that 52% participates in population control programs. The secondary goals were to evaluate protocols applied in relation to neutering and it was verified that most procedures performed in these cases follow the recommendations made by the specialized agencies, including the type of surgery (95,6% neuter and 100% spay), preanesthetic protocols, performing surgeries in pregnant cats (91,3% perform against 8,7% that does not perform), the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (91% use them against 9% that does not use them), the use of fluidtherapy (65% use it against 35% that does not use it), the location of the postoperative period, the FIV-FeLV testing (78,26% does not test against 21,74% that does test) and the practice of left ear-cutting (86,96% cut against 13,04% that does not cut). On the contrary, performing sterilization on pre-pubertal cats is not followed (only 21,7% on males and 34,8% on females neuter before 6 months of age) and the use of antibiotics by the clinical staff is considered excessive (91% use them against 9% that does not use them) to the recommended parameters. In addition, using likelihood ratios established in the literature, it was also determined that the 2538 surgeries performed annually by this sample, prevent the birth of 6396 kittens and the wandering of 1599 cats, demonstrating the important role of clinics in fighting overpopulation of stray cats in Lisbon.

Cats on sand beaches

Sabino, R., R. Rodrigues, I. Costa, C. Carneiro, M. Cunha, A. Duarte, N. Faria, F.C. Ferreira, M.J. Gargaté, C. Júlio, M.L. Martins, M.B. Nevers, M. Oleastro, H. Solo-Gabriele, C. Veríssimo, C. Viegas, R.L. Whitman & J. Brandão (2014). Routine screening of harmful microorganisms in beach sands: Implications to public health. Science of The Total Environment, 472, 1062-1069.

Beaches worldwide provide recreational opportunities to hundreds of millions of people and serve as important components of coastal economies. Beach water is often monitored for microbiological quality to detect the presence of indicators of human sewage contamination so as to prevent public health outbreaks associated with water contact. However, growing evidence suggests that beach sand can harbor microbes harmful to human health, often in concentrations greater than the beach water. Currently, there are no standards for monitoring, sampling, analyzing, or managing beach sand quality. In addition to indicator microbes, growing evidence has identified pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and fungi in a variety of beach sands worldwide. The public health threat associated with these populations through direct and indirect contact is unknown because so little research has been conducted relating to health outcomes associated with sand quality. In this manuscript, we present the consensus findings of a workshop of experts convened in Lisbon, Portugal to discuss the current state of knowledge on beach sand microbiological quality and to develop suggestions for standardizing the evaluation of sand at coastal beaches. The expert group at the “Microareias 2012” workshop recommends that 1) beach sand should be screened for a variety of pathogens harmful to human health, and sand monitoring should then be initiated alongside regular water monitoring; 2) sampling and analysis protocols should be standardized to allow proper comparisons among beach locations; and 3) further studies are needed to estimate human health risk with exposure to contaminated beach sand. Much of the manuscript is focused on research specific to Portugal, but similar results have been found elsewhere, and the findings have worldwide implications.

Impact of alien predators on seabirds on Corvo island (Azores)

Henriques, A. C. M. (2010). Impacto dos predadores introduzidos na ilha do Corvo no sucesso reprodutor das populações de cagarro (Calonectris diomedea borealis) (Doctoral dissertation, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa) (in Portuguese with English abstracts).

In the Corvo island, Azores, there are important species of seabirds classified as prioritary by the Annex I of the Bird Directive, for example Cory’s Shearwater Calonectris diomedea borealis, is one of the species that represents in terms of number and density the biggest expression in this archipelago in an European level. One of the major threats for the birds that reproduce in islands is the presence of predators, like rats, so, in this context, we analysed the variables that could explain the distribution of rodents, identified the accessible places of nesting of Cory’s, monitored the reproductive season and tried to understand the causes of fail in the egg and chick phase. The results point out a positive relation between rat abundance and reproductive success of Cory’s. The characteristics of the reproductive season are similar to those described for Berlengas and Selvagens, but they differ in the hatching success and chick success. We verified that in the first days of life of the chicks the predation is very significant and other variables should be taken into account, for example the predation by cats.

The Corvo Island has unique features, in terms of endemic fauna and flora, numbers of human population, introduced predators, size of the island, among others, that gave to this island the status of Biosphere Reserve. Additionally, there are important species of seabirds that only reproduce in restricted areas of Europe, and are classified as prioritary by Annex I of the Birds Directive. Nevertheless, the populations of some species are still to confirm (e.g Pterodroma feae, Oceanodroma castro) and others need more research in terms of numbers and localization of the colonies (e.g Puffinus puffinus, Puffinus assimilis). 

The more conspicuous of the seabirds here present is Cory’s Shearwater, Calonectris diomedea borealis and has the biggest expression in terms of numbers and densities in the Azores archipelago which represents 60-70% of the world population. The Corvo population is one of the major ones but the nidification areas and the actual size of the population is still not well known. One of the major causes of the decline of the seabirds, besides the fisheries, specially those ones who reproduce in cavities on the soil, are the introduced predators in islands, places that originally yield millions of seabirds. The biggest problem is that they evolved in environments that were predator free and lack defense mechanisms to face the predation of eggs and chicks by rats and cats. This causes the reproductive collapse in some species and could force the nesting places to sub-optimal conditions, that can compromise the viability of the populations. Last year, SPEA started a LIFE+ project “Safe islands for seabirds” to assess the impacts of the predators on seabirds and prepare the restoration of habitat, by ways of predator and invasive plants control and reforestation with endemic species. This project has an important ecological relevance as it can represent a important step in the developing of protocols for exotic species eradication in islands with human population, with both cats and rats as the major predators. 

The objectives of this thesis were to quantify the influence of rodents in the reproductive success of Cory’s Shearwater. We analyse the distribution of three species of rodents (Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus and Mus musculus) in different habitats and their dependence with some environmental variables. The method chosen was by means of tracking tunnels in two different seasons, one in April-May and the other in September-October, that wanted to express different food availability and different stages of the reproductive period of Cory’s in Corvo. For this analysis we decide do use an algorithmic model Random Forest for the software R 2.9.2. Our results point out the dependence of the presence of rodents with introduced anthropogenic characteristics as roads, exotic vegetation and distance to village. Also we noticed some differences between the house mice and the rats in terms of abundance and selection of habitat. 

We were able to identify different accessible colonies of Cory’s Shearwater in the island, and monitor almost 200 nests, once a week, in eight different places of Corvo. We analysed and compared times of hatching, fledging, incubation period and breeding success, with other islands (Berlenga, Selvagem Grande and others from Azores, such as Graciosa) where Cory’s shearwater reproduces, and finally we tried to understand which are the main causes of failure using the model Nest Survival for the program MARK. This program is an important ecological tool for testing different factors and the correlation between them that could influence the weekly nest survival. Also give us the weight of the model for explaining the data. 

Our results point out the synchronization of times of hatching and fledging among the different places in the Atlantic, but there’s a major difference in the hatching and fledging successes. Surprisingly the causes of failure don’t seem to be related with rat abundance, as the majority of the studies point out, ant the time with less survival probability seems to coincide with the first days after hatching when the chick is more vulnerable. Our assumption is that there is a third variable that wasn’t account for, that is influencing the abundance of rats and the reproductive success of Cory’s. This variable is the presence of cats. 

The analyse of the Life Table demonstrate the big resilience in fluctuations of the population of Cory’s Shearwater in Corvo Island, a characteristic of long lived species. 

We recommend that for the planning of the eradication protocol both cats and rats should be target of control at the same time, incorporate prioritary areas of control for rodents and to study more accurately the causes of fail that influences the seabirds success.